John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath :: John Steinbeck Grapes Wrath Essays

John Steinbecks The Grapes of WrathThroughout his book, the Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck employs the principles of Foucaults theory that power exists as a result of consent. This is particularly the case in the relations between the Joad family. Chapter ten includes specific scenes in which the family members assumed positions of power are focused on and explained. When Jim Casy asks if he can accomp each the Joads on their migratory trip to California, Ma looks to turkey cock to speak, because he is a man. Ma is clearly consenting to Toms power over her as a male figure, not because he told her he had the right to speak first, but because she allowed him to hold that prerogative. Foucault also argues that identity element perception is related to various modes of discourse that are specific to historical eras apparently, the supposition that women are subordinate to men has been established in behavior, media, or any other entity that influences the way people think. When the rest of the Joad family returns on the truck after attempting to sell the last of their belongings, Steinbeck uses three pages to describe each family members clothe on the truck and why they belong there. Al is the proud and serious and efficient driver of the truck, earning the familys respect for his responsibility in manning the vehicle. This exemplifies Foucaults idea of transaction the family consents to Als power because they will be affected if the truck malfunctions. Rose of Sharon is a balanced, self-satisfied, and all-knowing woman whose husband, Connie, is alarmed by the prominent change in her behavior since the onset of pregnancy although he once controlled her, he now feels weakened in his power because he has let her self-complacency control him. Pa and Uncle John, as heads of the clan, sit in the honor seats beside Al however, Uncle John secretly wants Rose of Sharon to take his place because he is apprehensive inside and knows she is surer of hersel f. Uncle Johns power is one of dogma, while Rose of Sharons is self-asserted. The entire Joad family then holds a council meeting to discuss their plans for departure. Again, everyone has his or her decreed placement the men squat in an inner circle, while the women stand around them.

Creation of a Sense of Place in 12 Edmondstone Street Essay -- 12 Edmo

Creation of a Sense of Place in 12 Edmondstone Street Malouf is very skilled in creating a aesthesis of place in 12 Edmondstone Street. This essay examines the different techniques he uses in describing 12 Edmondstone Street and Tuscany. The section set in Brisbane is seen through the eyes of a young boy, giving the reader a very clear impression of his views about and feelings towards the house. Malouf has conveyed this by basing 12 Edmondstone Street on the idea of coming endure into ordinary daily life and living out what it is that youve seen in that moment of epiphany Malouf does this through the boys views, thoughts and feelings by conveying them through images and detailed recollections of rooms and the atmosphere of these rooms. The Fernery scares me. Being taken out of the house each night and set to sleep beside it is like being put dget at the ring of a rainforest. Through this, Malouf has been able to convey the fear which convey the boys fear of the Fernery. Th is makes the reader also feel the same gumption of being put at the edge of a rainforest promoting a frightened feeling and a sense of sharing the same feelings with the boy However, the setting is not al managements described from the perspective of the young boy. Malouf also describes it from the perspective of an adult. Each house has its own topography, its own lore negotiable borders...the salient features. By making the house have a topography and changing the perspective of the description, Malouf has created a sense of mystery and adventure in discovering the rooms for the first time from a tikes point of view. This sense is conveyed through describing the boys detailed observations and feelings when e... ...e. Ugo is shown to be a strong character who seems to be happy to be his own man. The strength of Agatinas character is conveyed through words such as rules which imply power. This sixth sense is needed for the reader to understand both the characters and the way of life to which they belong, therefore giving the reader the sense of belonging to the lives of Agatina and Ugo. When presenting A Place in Tuscany the perspective changes to that of a young man. Compared to the house in Brisbane, more(prenominal) use is made of the conversation and there is a more sophisticated and advanced vocabulary and knowledge of the area. This gives the reader a more adult insight into the area. Malouf is a very powerful writer. By using a variety of techniques, Malouf has been able to show the reader his skill in evoking a sense of place and in creating memorable settings.

Analysis of the Television Show, Girlfriends Essay -- Girlfriends Medi

Analysis of the Television Show, Girlfriends The T.V order of battle Girlfriends is very eye catching for young women between the ages of 16-35. It deals with girl related issues, for example what am i going to wear on my first date, or do i look fat? These are some of the topics friends talk about. The show is ground on four African American women who have been friends since early childhood, it takes place now in the present. The girls are in there mid-20s-early 30s. The characters names are Jone, Tony, Mya, and Lin. approximately of the topics which they talk about include marrige, finnancial problems, legal issues, children, and fashion. Jone is a highly known attourney, Mya is Jones secretary, Tony is a real estate agent, and Lin is a free soul. In the show Tony and Jone are having relationship problems, and Mya is envious of the new secretary that Jone has because she misses the relationship that her and Jone use to have between each other. Mya also loves the gossip in which her and Jone used to share, they share it now and indeed but not as frequent as they used to. Tony and her husband are having finnancial problems because her husband has gotten into a immense debt due to the fact that she is a very high matenance type of woman. Her wedding ring alone cost fifty thousand dollars, she believes that if he is poor then they cannot be together because she cannot live a poor life. After she finds out that they are very deep in debt she wants to file for a divorse. He makes her re...

A Tale of Two Cities Essays: A Critical Analysis -- Tale Two Cities Es

A Critical Analysis of A Tale of Two Cities   Three kit and caboodle Cited        A Tale of Two Cities is a novel that is very complex and intense. Once you get to know the characters you can feel what they are going done and form a kind of bond with them. A Tale of Two Cities grabs the readers attention with the history of revolutions in the nation and the generations of that time, but it overly keeps the reader reading with a sense of a pure violence that is hard to create.   The combination of critical literary and historical methods brings out the novels complex organize and intense impact on the reader. Dickens brings out the historical side of the Victorian age with examples and details of the French Revolution and Victorian Revolt. Lee Sterrenburg says that Dickens spate of the revolution was probably influenced by a personal twenty-four hour period dream only he can fathom. But he is able to render his day dreams in terms of a publi cly Victorian Iconography. (Hutter 37) The Victorian revolt happened late in the Victorian Age and was a turning po...

Gays in 9-11 Essay -- Gay Rights Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Gays in 9-11The purgets of September 11, 2001 have left m all people all over the world speechless to say the least. What happened that twenty-four hour period at New York Citys World Trade Centers and Washington D.C.s Pentagon have left many people without their loved ones, their jobs, or any sense of reason. Husbands lost wives, wives lost husbands, children lost parents, parents lost children, and partners lost their other halves. Friendships and families were destroyed. It is at our date of weakness that we are able to be our strongest. For it is at that time when there is nothing else to do, and no where else to go when youve hit rock bottom there is no where to go but up. No one asked questions, people conscionable did whatever they could to help. Americas public safety organizations didnt hesitate for a second they risked their own lives to help save the lives of others, people they didnt even know. The only thing that our public safety teams knew was that all the innocent people that were attacked were fellow Americans. Perhaps that was all the information they needed, but twenty-four hour period after day teams were back at Ground Zero and the Pentagon relentlessly looking for survivors and doing whatever they could to quickly get our lives back on track and gain some disunite of closure. However, now it is time to start asking the questions no one ever wants to.United we stand. Direct from the media on a one way path into your homes these course and other such phrases have been tossed around and thrown in your face. Stop, and think. What is the real meaning of these inspirational and nationalistic phrases? Inspirational and nationalistic for whom? United is an adjective that way combined into a single entity concerned with, produced... ...size their differences or similarity from the heterosexual norm? If lesbians and gay men are increasingly integrated into society as full citizens, what will happen to other more marginalized groups, such as poor women on welfare? Does comparability for some necessarily lead to equality for all (Stein 225)?Arlene Stein is trying to articulate similar questions to those posed in the previous paragraph. What will happen to the immigrants who have been oppressed in the past, will they take place through the cracks while gays and lesbians gain acceptance? Or will they too be accepted? I assure you, the questions dont stop here. My written report raises the question of acceptance, but is that all we really want? Do we just want acceptance across the board, or will all of us, gay and non gay, move into in the queerer project of inventing more just worlds and communities?

Abstinence-only vs. Abstinence-plus Essay example -- Social Issues, Se

There are many problems facing teenagers these days. None are bigger than the trim down of underage depend upon, and all the issues stemming from it. The number of teenagers becoming internally active, pregnant, and contracting sexually transmitted diseases are rapidly on the rise. There is no simple fix, or easy solution to this problem. Sex education should begin at home, and extend to include an effective program in schools that reinforce a clear pass on of abstaining from sexual activity in addition to informing students of the risks posed by engaging in sexual activity. The political, and religious dissension on this issue has resulted in a procedural stalemate preventing schools from effectively addressing the problem, and implement a comprehensive sex-education program that benefits young adults in Texas and the rest of the United States. Abstinence-Only programs are currently the or so used in public schools, but this method is seriously out-dated and does not aptl y deal with the issue that teenagers are participating in underage sex regardless of whether they have been told that they should not. Without the proper information, teenagers are blindly making a decision about having sex that could impact their lives in far many more(prenominal) ways than they can fathom, most not fully understanding the ramifications of their decision. The implementation across the nation of a comprehensive Abstinence-Plus program teaching abstinence, health risks, line of descent control, teen pregnancy, and providing students with information and birth control is exactly what is needed. Strong emotions, and opinions are found on both sides of this argument, but the fact of the matter is that Abstinence-Only programs are substandard in educating teenagers ab... ...neffective in changing teen sexual behavior, this is good news for thousands of Texas teens and their parents. An increase over 200% in less than three years is encourage and hopefully tho se numbers continue to grow.Drastic changes need to be made the nations current policies on sex education in schools. More information postulate to be provided to the students, and their parents in order to effectively educate them both on the risks of underage sex and the importance of being thoroughly educated in a comprehensive Abstinence-Plus method. Politicians and law-markers need to stop arguing their point and open their eyes to the very real reality that more, and more teenagers are engaging in sexual activity. Young adults are going to learn about sex the question is will we control when and how they receive the information or will we leave it up to them.

Abstinence-only vs. Abstinence-plus Essay example -- Social Issues, Se

There are many problems facing teenagers these days. None are bigger than the issue of underage sex, and all the issues stemming from it. The derive of teenagers becoming sexually active, pregnant, and contracting sexually transmitted diseases are rapidly on the rise. There is no simple fix, or easy solution to this problem. awake education should begin at home, and extend to include an effective program in schools that reinforce a clear message of abstaining from sexual activity in addition to informing students of the risks posed by engaging in sexual activity. The political, and religious dissension on this issue has resulted in a procedural tie-up preventing schools from effectively addressing the problem, and implement a comprehensive sex-education program that benefits young adults in Texas and the rest of the United States. Abstinence-Only programs are currently the just about used in humanity schools, but this method is seriously out-dated and does not aptly deal w ith the issue that teenagers are participating in underage sex regardless of whether they have been told that they should not. Without the congruous information, teenagers are blindly making a decision about having sex that could impact their lives in far many more ways than they can fathom, most not fully understanding the ramifications of their decision. The implementation across the nation of a comprehensive Abstinence-Plus program teaching abstinence, health risks, turn out control, teen pregnancy, and providing students with information and birth control is exactly what is needed. Strong emotions, and opinions are found on both sides of this argument, but the fact of the matter is that Abstinence-Only programs are insufficient in educating teenagers ab... ...neffective in changing teen sexual behavior, this is good news for thousands of Texas teens and their parents. An increase over 200% in less than three years is encouraging and hopefully those numbers put out to grow.Drastic changes need to be made the nations current policies on sex education in schools. More information needs to be provided to the students, and their parents in run to effectively educate them both on the risks of underage sex and the importance of being thoroughly educated in a comprehensive Abstinence-Plus method. Politicians and law-markers need to match arguing their point and open their eyes to the very real reality that more, and more teenagers are engaging in sexual activity. Young adults are handout to learn about sex the question is will we control when and how they receive the information or will we leave it up to them.

Pierrot Le Fou, Art, and You

Pierrot Le Fou, Art, and You Jean-Luc Godards demand Pierrot Le Fou is in itself a intriguing piece of cinematic art. The film, which experiments with elements of mise-en-scene, cinematography, and editing in an illicit, intricate, and artistic manner, represents a milestone in the film genre known as the French New Wave, and continues to be important to the history of cinema today. With Pierrot Le Fou, director Godard expresses commentary on such(prenominal) things as mass ending, politics, America, literature, music, art, and cinema itself.These opinions are communicated to us by means ofout the film not only through the filmic techniques employed, only if by the actors themselves through their dialogue and their acknowledgment of the spectators presence. It is Godards choices to employ a garish color scheme, references to mass culture, narrative intransivity, and the decease of the fourth wall that allow for Pierrot Le Fou to highlight the dominant pop art movement occurr ing at the time as well as to tolerate viewers, express commentary concerning literature and cinema, and break the references willing suspension of disbelief.Bright, vivid, and often primary shades of color, in addition to subject matter concerning references and depictions of elements present in mass culture describe the collective term of the artistic phenomena occurring in the 1950s and 60s known as Pop Art. In Pierrot Le Fou, we are made passing aware of such a movement as much of the film is styled according to such. This can be seen as early as in the initiative cites, which slowly piece together in shades of bright red and blue (depicting at first a bunch of As, Bs, and Cs) a title and credit screen.With such a flashy opening, characteristics of pop art are instantly alluded to and continue to remain present end-to-end the remainder of the film. One of the most of import scenes in which this is conceptualized is the sequence in which the main character, Ferdinand, at tends a cocktail party. The party sequence, which is shot entirely on a 2D plain in which the actors are ordered facing each other against the wall, is also filmed through bright, primary colored filters. Throughout this sequence, ever soy cut is marked by a qualify in color scheme.Beginning in a garish shade of red, the sequence then alternates amid shades of bright white, yellow, blue, and finally in the last shot, a combination of yellow, orange, pink, and purple hues. This sequence, through Godards choice of color filtering, represents not only colors characteristic in much of the Pop Art produced during this period solely makes reference to advertising and consumer products. This is evident in a shot during the sequence in which we are shown a man and a woman sitting together against a wall within a blue colored frame.During this shot, the woman speaks about her hairdo, which is, able to keep its shape all day give thanks to a cloud of Aquanet. after(prenominal) uttering this, she continues to enthusiastically talk about the Aquanet product to the man as if she were advertising it to the general public. Not only are references to consumer culture made here through such dialogue, but the depiction of her hair after having been sprayed with Aquanet allude to the Pop Art movement of the time in its reflection of consumer culture.Besides making us aware of such a dominant artistic phenomena, Godards use of episodic structure to separate scenes in Pierrot Le Fou constantly challenges us to re-concentrate and re-focus our attention, as well as explores the notion of cinema as a topic in the narrative. The film, which is divided into different chapters thus enables for the introduction of interruptions into the narrative. It can be said that such a technique is borrowed from literature which is a theme that is present not only in this way throughout the film, but implied in numerous other scenes.While challenging the viewer with such narrative intransiv ity a term used to describe Godards constant interruptions via his introduction of new scenes as chapters Pierrot Le Fou also challenges the notion of the power of the cinema to capture its audience without apparently having done so (in terms of making it think or changing it). i In terms of the narrative and cinema, Godard also introduces to us in Pierrot Le Fou the idea of film as a process of writing in images and by doing so, raises the topic of cinema itself within the narrative.Throughout Pierrot Le Fou, there are numerous instances in which elements of cinema are dissected, and are naturalistic of what they construct. In one such instance, Marianne is shown touching at the audience in a close-up shot with a scissors literally cutting across the screen to mark the cut that follows. In another occurrence, Ferdinand is shown in a close-up pointing a gun at the audience to signify a shot. Representationally, both of these instances convey elements of cinema directly to the audience through the objects that the characters present.Thus, these shots, while raising topics concerning the cinema also break the narrative surface by allowing for the characters direct engagement with the audience. This intentional destruction of the fourth wall, brought to us in the film by shots featuring a confrontation between the spectator and the characters (where we can observe them observing us), not only breaks that spectators willing suspension of disbelief, but poses questions about the level of truth in the diegesis but also in terms of cinema itself.Such notions of the misleading and deceiving nature of appearances are constantly touched upon throughout the film, always in a way that is confrontational and at times, representational. In the scene in which Marianne is asked by Ferdinand about whether or not she will ever leave him, instead of a shot of Ferdinand asking the question, a fox is shown walking around. After the question is asked, a close-up of the fox lo oking at the audience is presented as Marianne answers, Of course I wont. Immediately after answering, this shot is cut to another close-up shot of Marianne looking out at the audience.These two shots are representational not only of each other, but of such notions of deceit. First of all, it is obvious in the presentation of these two shots that we are to draw a parallel between the creature and Marianne as they look very similar and both are framed and looking out to us in the same way, one in a flash right after the other. The deceptive and cunning nature known to be associated with a fox is also representational of Mariannes expression in the shot, as she appears to look so and such qualities are further highlighted by the close-up framing of her face.By these two shots alone, notions associated with cinema and fiction are raised as well. It is as if, by creation directly engaged with the fox and Marianne, the audience is asked to actively participate in the formulation of questions concerning such things. By allowing for characters to directly engage themselves with the audience, Pierrot Le Fou, through such shot compositions, challenges the audience directly to engage itself in the film not simply as a spectator, but rather, as active participants questioning and creating meanings.By implementing such elements, with Pierrot Le Fou, Godard has created a film stylized to not only highlight, but to comment upon and furthermore challenge notions of Pop Art, cinema, and literature/fiction. It is through such unconventional means of expressing his ideas in his use of mise-en-scene present in the lighting of the garish color scheme, the cinematography choices he made in terms of framing the characters, and how editing was employed to draw parallels and create meaning, that the film conveys its intentions in a diegesis that is complex, artistic, and confrontational.While the entirety of the diegesiss motives may not be initially apparent, due to the complex ity of the narrative and the issue forth of themes and questions Godard raises with the film we as an audience can recognize how such filmic techniques employed by the director have come together to create such meanings. After all, the movie, like an intricate artwork, takes some studying to truly figure out. Nichols, Bill. Movies and Methods. Vol. II. Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California, 1985. Print.

Just Below the Surface

Just below the surface The story is written by Kate Nivison and takes place in a London suburb in an upper class environment (p. 41, l. 14) in modern time (p. 42, l. 23). It is a first person narrator so we sympathize with Indrani. Indrani * Is an Indian woman (p. 42, l. 37) * Is education, but not highly educated * She is actually bigoted (p. 42, p. 29-30) * She thinks the British people are xenophobic (the woman in the shop and the men from the council, p. 43, l. 5) * She is very concerned about what other people think about her (p. 42, l. 19) * She feels suppressed (p. 43, l. 16) * She wants to be a impregnable wife and desperately wants to keep up her appearances (p. 42, l. 1) She wants to keep her pride that is typical for the Indian culture. * The British people are biased against her (p. 43, l. 13) * She is trying to assimilate to the society, but the society hasnt assimilated to the foreigners because the foreigners want to keep their values (p. 48, l. ) * She develops thr ough the story in the beginning she doesnt mind the racism against her. She doesnt notice it. But in the shutdown she gets an eye-opener. * She is dependent on her husband (p. 44, l. 6) * She tries to avoid conflicts Barry * He is a hidden racist (p. 48, l. 14) * Is very ironic (p. 4, l. 31) * He uses metaphors (p. 47, l. 15) * He is insolent * He is very biased There are a lot of dialogs and direct speech in the story. Also colloquial language because of the direct speech.There can be emaciated parallels to the story My Son the Fanatic because in both stories there is a person who tries to integrate to the British society. There can also be careworn parallels to Mrs. Frost and Barry because they are both very bigoted. There can also be drawn parallels to Robin Cooks speech. He says the immigrants are good for the country while Barry wants to get rid of them. The rats symbolize the immigrants according to the Barry. The kitchen symbolizes her facade.

Economic Impacts of Natural Disasters

economic IMPACTS OF NATURAL DISASTERS ABSTRACT cataclysms of both natural and technological origin have a considerable stupor on communities. The effect of incidents in India atomic number 18 signifi substructuretly reduced by well established counter disaster arrangements at in tout ensemble triplet levels of government. These arrangements comprise comprehensive plans of pr progenyion, prepargondness, response and retrieval and in more recent eons, of mitigation. The economic effects of disasters can be devastating and widespread.When disasters strike houses, businesses and corporation infrastructure get disabilityd or destroyed and peoples livelihoods are temporarily and sometimes permanently disrupted. Physical malign is the most apparent economic impact of disasters. Major natural disasters can and do have severe negative short-run economic impacts. Disasters also appear to have obstinate longer-term consequences for economic growth, development and poverty reduct ion. But, negative impacts are non inevitable. Vulnerability is shifting quickly, especially in countries experiencing economic transformation rapid growth, urbanization and link up technical and social changes.In the Caribbean and Bangladesh there is evidence of both declining sensitivity to tropical storms and floods and increased resilience resulting from both economic transformation and public actions for disaster reduction. The largest immersion of high risk countries, increasingly vulnerable to climatic hazards, is in Sub-Saharan Africa. Risks emanating from geophysical hazards need to be better recognized in highly uncovered urban areas across the world because their potential costs are rising exponentially with economic development.Natural disasters cause significant budgetary pressures, with both narrowly pecuniary short-term impacts and wider long-term development implications. Reallocation is the primary fiscal response to disaster. Disasters have little impact on t rends in total aid flows. Keywords Disaster Impacts, Direct Economic Impacts, validatory Economic Impacts, Intangible Economic Impacts. Submitted by Dr. A. PADMAVATHI, Guest Faculty, Department of MCA, S. V. U. C. C. M&C. S. , S. V. University, Tirupati-517502. Introduction The economic effects of disasters are loosely seen as physical damage to infrastructure.More often than not loss of income through loss of trading activity and the time taken to re-establish such activity, particularly for inelegant industries, is overlooked. The consequences of extended terminations of trading or production down-time can result in bankruptcy, forced sale, business closure, loss of experienced workers, a depleted customer ungenerous and population shrinkage. These consequences are exacerbated by community losses resulting in a reduction in disposable income. The flow-on through the disaster affected community has been likened to the domino effect.It addresses the economic consequences of d isasters on communities and includes a framework of economic recovery principles as well as strategies to implement those principles. In this publication the term economic is utilize with respect to the costs to the community caused by the disaster while financial is used with respect to those schemes aimed at providing monetary sources to assist recovery. The range of economic effects and consequences on a disaster affected community is relative to the specific nature of the event and the economic demographics of the affected community Economic Consequences of DisastersThe economic effects of disasters can be devastating and widespread. When disasters strike houses, businesses and community infrastructure get damaged or destroyed and peoples livelihoods are temporarily and sometimes permanently disrupted. Physical damage is the most visible economic impact of disasters. However, the less visible impacts such as lost income through being uneffective to tack are just as significan t and the consequences often last longer than the physical damage (for example, bankruptcy and business closures). The flow-on effects through a community can be pervasive.The range of economic effects and consequences for a disaster-affected community vary greatly and depend on both the nature of the event and the economic health of the community. It is also important to recognise that communities are diverse. In some cases, disaster-affected communities recover and prosper, in others the adverse economic impact has a domino effect that spreads throughout the community. What makes some communities recover and prosper and others decline in the aftermath of a disaster? What are key characteristics of disaster-resistant communities?These are important questions and are critical to to a lower placestanding the economic recovery process. The principles and strategies identified later in this report depart a starting point for considering these questions. The economic consequences of d isasters can be classified in a variety of ways. No single framework will cover and prescribe every possible impact a disaster might have. Each disaster has unique characteristics and consequently in any attempt to classify these impacts there will always be impacts that do not fit neatly within the classification.Nevertheless a classification framework is a useful guide or tool we can use to tackle these issues. nearly all impacts of disasters have an economic dimension, even if this economic effect cannot be measured. Economic impacts are typically divided into two categories tangible (those impacts we can dispense a dollar value to) and intangible (impacts which are not easily expressed in monetary terms). These impacts are then further subdivided into direct and verifying impacts. Direct impacts are those that result from the physical destruction or damage to buildings, infrastructure, vehicles and crops etc.Indirect impacts are due to the consequences of the damage or destru ction. Figure 1 illustrates the impacts of disasters using three main categories-direct, indirect and intangible. An alternative approach is to examine the impacts of disasters in terms of who or what is affected. Three groupings are familiar * Public infrastructure and community facilities * phone line enterprises (commercial, industrial, retail, service, agricultural etc) and * Residents and households. Using figure 1 and BTE Report 103 a brief discussion of the direct, indirect and intangible impacts of disasters on each of these three groups follows.FIGURE 1 THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF A DISASTER Culture & Heritage mop up Infrastracture Intangible impacts Health Aspects devastation & injury I Indirect Impacts Business fluster Disaster Impacts Direct Impacts Agriculture Commercial buildings 1. Direct Economic Impacts Public Infrastructure and Community Facilities Lifelines (such as water and sanitation systems, electricity, gas, telecommunications and transport) are vulnerable to all types of disasters. Direct damage to lifeline infrastructure includes the immediate physical damage (eg. oads cracked or washed away, destroyed electrical transformers and so on) and also the damage which may take some time before becoming visible (eg. accelerated road deterioration due to the effect of water intrusion under road pavements). Public buildings include schools, child care centres, kindergartens, hospitals, nursing homes, neighbourhood centres, churches, entertainment/art/cultural centres, museums, clubs and so on. Direct damage to public buildings can also be thought of using the break up into structural (eg. roofs, walls etc), contents (eg. urniture, floor coverings and specialist items like sound systems and paintings etc) and foreign (eg. Playground equipment, liquid pools etc) damage. Business Enterprises include commercial, industrial, retail, service and agricultural business types. The economic impact of disasters on agricultural enterprises is often trea ted separately from other business types. basically however the impact on businesses can be viewed as falling into 3 main areas. * structural damage to buildings such as shops,factories, plants, sheds, barns, warehouses, hotels and so on.This includes damage to foundations, walls, floors, roofs, doors, in-builtfurniture, windows etc. * contents damage to fixtures and fittings (eg. carpets), furniture, office equipment, farm equipment, records, product stock (finished manufactured products, works in progress and input materials), crops, pastures, livestock etc. and * external damage, for example, to motor vehicles and fences. Residents and Households The residential sector includes houses, flats, unit, townhouses and so on. The break up of direct damage into structural (eg. roofs, walls etc), contents (eg. furniture, floor coverings etc) and external (eg. wimming pools, gardens etc) is equally useful for this category. 2. Indirect Economic Impacts Indirect impacts are those that are incurred as a consequence of the event, but are not due to the direct impact. Many indirect impacts are common to the public/community sectors business, and household (for example, gap and clean up). Disruption effects The disruption to the community, businesses and households caused by disasters is pervasive. The economic impact of disruption and its consequences for community recovery is often overlooked, as economic recovery can tend to focus on the highly visible direct physical damage.The following categories list the common forms of disruption relevant to each area. Sector/Area of impact Disruption Examples Business Lost or deferred production (eg. manufacturing, agriculture, services etc)Lost or deferred income/trade/sales/value added (eg. Tourism operators, retail traders etc)Increased costs (eg. freight, inputs, agistment) Public services and networks Transport (traffic delays, extra operating costs etc) harm of computer controlled systemsLoss of other lifelines (eg. elec tricity)Government services (eg. ducation) Households Additional costs (eg. alternative accommodation and transport, heating, drying out costs, medical costs etc) Natural disasters can cause serious disruption to affected businesses which may not be able to operate during the event, and for some time afterwards, while the premises are being cleaned and equipment repaired. Business lost during this period can have devastating financial consequences and in some cases the business may not recover at all. Loss of farm income due to a natural disaster can affect the economies of country towns.For example, the Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics (ABARE 2000) estimates that farm expenditure represents at least a third of the economies of towns with less than 1000 people. Disasters that reduce farm expenditure can therefore have a major effect on the economies of small towns. Clean up Cleaning up after a disaster is another obvious area of indirect impact. The impact for public and community infrastructure, businesses and households is essentially the time it takes and the costs of cleaning materials.Clean up activities typically include removal of mud and debris, disassembly and cleaning of machinery and equipment, removal of destroyed household and business contents items and so on. 3. Intangible Economic Impacts Intangible impacts are often described as a catch all that includes all those costs that are very troublesome to estimate, for which there is no agreed method of estimation and for which there is no market to provide a benchmark. Evidence suggests that the size of intangible costs is meaning(a) and although most cannot be quantified, in many cases they do still have an economic impact that should not be ignored.Sector/Area of impact Intangible impact examples Business Loss of confidenceLoss of future contractsLoss of experienced staff Public/Community Health impacts (deferral of procedures, reduced quality of care etc)Death and injuryL oss of items of cultural significanceEnvironmental impactsHeritage lossesLack of access to education, health, defence, art galleries and museums etc Residents and households Loss of personal memorabiliaInconvenience and disruption, especially to cultivation and social life. Stress induced ill-health and mortalityPetsQuality of lifeDislocation ConclusionAssistance that ensures the survival of the existing economic infrastructure of a theatrical role is vital to disaster recovery, but it should not be so great as to affect the natural economic laws of supply and demand operating on the sales and distribution of existing products or services. Government can initiate major projects, that can assist in erasing some of the bad memories of the past and provide a boost in construction and service jobs into the area. References (1) http//en. wikipedia. org. (2) www. ndmindia. nic. in/ (3) www. ndma. gov. in/ (4) disastermgmt. bih. nic. in/ (5) http//saarc-sdmc. nic. in/index. asp

Discuss The Role of Curley’s Wife In The Novel Of Mice And Men Essay

In this novel, Curleys Wifes main function or purpose is her representation of 1 type of female in that time of American history. She seems to be the sort of person who is well calculated in her actions. She likes to make herself attractive by apply make-up, when she wears shoes with red Ostrich Feathers she doesnt need to wear them on a dust ranch, that she does. She dreams of being a movie or talking picture star, she tells Lennie this, in a rare show of confidence. She is not a stereotype but I think that her character is quite predictable.In the video adjustment she seems to be friendly because of her appearance and the delegacy in which she says words. When she doesnt want to be noticed, her physical presence is less noticed. She is described as brittle this could pie-eyed that she is fragile. The word fragile is usually associated with small and easily broken things. The word brittle could as well as be describing her physical state of mind. She could seem strong but re ally could collapse or break down when even slightly touched, or in her case, if she is rejected or insulted.But when she talks she has a ascendent charisma, which demands attention. For example, whenever she walks into a room, the men always stop talking to listen to what she has to say. This could be from fear of punishment if they do not agree with her or offend her. It could besides be because of the reputation as Jailbait which she has, or how she has the eye.Because of these two abilities, she can sneak around, trying to overhear anything incriminating which she could use to blackmail someone. An example of this is when she sneaks into the unchanging when Lennie, Candy and Crooks are there, and she listens to them.Throughout the whole novel she does not have name of her own, which she is called by. She is only referred to as Curleys Wife. This could suggest that she is the property of Curley. Or it could also back up the fact that she is like a ghost, because a ghost has no real identity.She could act mean, or deviously because she wants to make herself noticed more. She tells Lennie I get awful lonely. This suggests that she wants someone to talk to her, or whom she can talk to. She is only described by people, with sentences like She got the eye and a astute. After reading the part of the novel when she is in the barn with Lennie, the reader is emoted to sympathise with Curleys Wife. This could make the reader feel sorry for her, but then there would be a conflict of emotions when you realise that She has wrecked Candys dreams as well as passed a death sentence on Lennie. All of this could overshadow the fact that Curleys Wife has just died.But when you her confession to Lennie, you find that this is her only recourse in her search for attention. She tries to make herself quality attractive to get more attention, but she is called a Tart.The fact that she is like a bad luck omen could enforce her image as Jail-bait. She is like a jinx for anyone who she tries to become close to.She says that she could get crooks hung and she caused Curley and slim to fight. She also indirectly caused Lennies death. Not intentionally, but she does. This could be a way of making the reader sympathise with her case, because Candy is angry at her for dying, and he doesnt stop to think that she is dead.Curleys Wife is the only woman who is mentioned on the ranch, so the men could think of her as pretty or appealing because they do not come into contact with any other women. This could encourage or strengthen her attitude. She thought that she could be a movie star and could still think that. This could be another factor that encourages her self-superiority complex. But she knows that.Because, she has no name she could be owned by Curley, this could explain her actions. It could be her way of expressing her anger. She is angry because, when she signed her marriage certificate, She didnt lose her individuality, but something worse, her identity.

Hyperactivity Disorder as a disorder experienced

Russell Barkley (1995) defines Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder as a disorder companionshipd in the developmental stage of children which is manifested by signs such as attention problems, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. It is a real disorder and a real problem and often results to negative implications.It go off cause emotional difficulties too on the part of the parent. Attention Deficit Disorder is a hidden disability as there are no outward signs that there is something physically wrong with the central nervous system or brain except for the series of behavioral changes (as cited in the About Website, 2006) . It is a real childhood illness that affect the way children act, think, and feel.Several explanations of the factors that led to the development of this disorder have been offered. The constituenttic aspect bears one. As cited in the report by the National Health and Medical Research Council Government of Australia (2000), people with this disorder underwent cases of mutations in their dopamine transporter genes (Cook, Stein, Krakowski et al 1995) or receptor genes (D4 receptor gene Ebstein, Novick, Umansky et al. 1996). Also in this report, congenital factors may also play a role in the development of ADHD. Maternal substance abuse such as the use of nicotine, cocaine may induce symptoms related to ADHD (Nichols and Chen 1981).The strength of communicable influence on ADHD is confounded in these evidences from antecedent studies taking into account environmental influences as written through a personal communication by Dr. Galves et al (2003) as they explain that the findings on how genes rat affect the development of ADHD is strengthened by the fact that through the direct synthesis of proteins stress, trauma, and lack of parental responsiveness sack alter the classify processes of this. This process of protein synthesis is far more complicated than the common knowledge on this as purveyed by the media. Simply stated, the process of gene transcription can be influenced by external factors mentioned above.Attention disorders also run in families, so there are likely to be genetic influences. On some forward studies on children, 25% of the close relatives of these children with ADHD also have the same disorder. Studies of twins even strengthen the positive relationship amid genes and ADHD.The relationship between the parent and child temperament is also an important thing to look at in analyzing the factors that may contribute to the development of this disorder. However, Dr. Galves et. al (2003). maintain that genetic factors are not the major influences of ADHD as they cite the study of Lewis, Amini, and Lannon (2000) for this argument The process of genetic information sets down the brains elemental macro and microanatomy. But experiences also play a vital role here.It narrows down the macro possibilities into an outcome. Experience then can induce or disapprove genetic capacities. Infant-parent interacti on affects the neurodevelopment of the baby in his primal years. Parents mold the childs inherited emotional brain into the neural core of the self. In conclusion, Genes and experience contribute to the make-up of childs neural core.

Employment Law and Labor Relations Issues Essay

Equal opportunity is a descriptive term for an approach think to give equal access to an environment or benefits, such as education, employment, health care, or amicable welfare to all, often with emphasis on members of unlike social groups which might have at some time suffered from discrimination. This can involve the hiring of workers and new(prenominal) such practices. Social groupings generally emphasized in such a way are those delineated by aspects of gender, race, or religion. In my workplace the Equal Employment Opportunity Policy is posted on more or less e genuinely(prenominal) wall in the building. There are several rationalises that need to be addressed in my workplace. I work for a not-for-profit agency assure with the Florida Department of Children and Families. We are an agency that tries to help families reunite once they have entered into the Family Law system. My job as a social worker is to promote social justice and social change with and on behalf of cl ients.Clients is used inclusively to refer to individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities. Social workers are sensitive to cultural and ethnic diversity and strive to end discrimination, oppression, poverty, and separate forms of social injustice. These activities may be in the form of direct practice, community organizing, supervision, consultation, administration, advocacy, social and political action, policy development and implementation, education, and research and evaluation. Social workers seek to call down the capacity of people to address their own needs. Social workers too seek to promote the responsiveness of organizations, communities, and other social institutions to individuals needs and social problems. The main issue that needs to be addressed within my comp whatever is some issues pertaining to the Fair Labor Standards Act, holiday leave, and having an military personnel Resources Representative at our local site.I conceptualise that my organi zation needs to take the time to explain to its employees what their rights are and what the laws of the state require. The Human Resource department for our agency is run out of Bethesda, Maryland. So every issue and or concern has to go through them. Because of the distance, it is very hard and time consuming for local employees at this agency to get things done in a timely manner, so a lot of things that should be addressed at employee orientation are not addressed until maybe the third calendar month of employment when the HR administrator decides to take a trip toFlorida. There are a lot of questions that we as employees have about holiday pay practices and what are the well-grounded requirements.For example, I did not know that an employer is obligated to provide reasonable accommodation for the unearthly practices of its employees, unless it can show that the accommodation would result in undue hardship for its business. Many employers scoreer a blow holiday in addition t o the regularly scheduled holidays. This allows an employee to take time off for religious observances that are not covered by the employers established holiday schedule. Courts addressing the issue of religious accommodation generally agree that unpaid time off can be a reasonable accommodation, as can allowing an employee to use a vacation day to observe a religious holiday. Generally, employers require that floating holidays be taken in the same year they are granted and do not allow these days to be carried over into the next year. Employees ordinarily are required to give adequate advance notice of their intention to take a floating holiday. I also did not know that an employer does not have to pay hourly employees for time off on a holiday. An employer is only required to pay hourly employees for time actually worked.On the other hand, exempt employees (salaried employees who do not receive overtime), who are given the day off, must be paid their full weekly salary if they wo rk any hours during the week in which the holiday falls. This requirement for exempt employees did not change under the new federal overtime regulations. Both of these statements can be very helpful when our employees what to take some time off or just to check to make sure they are treated fairly. There are a handful of labor laws that do generally protect U.S. workers. Its probably fair to say that most employers adhere to these basic laws, because theyd be scatterbrained not to if they want to stay out of court.But, thats typically at the HR and legal-department levels, where the employees are properly trained in such matters. Companies are also made up of other employees, who might never have heard of labor laws or fully understand their significance. Thats one way problems occur, specially if HR and legal departments dont bother to properly train those in control, like jerky bosses. Another way problems occur is that, for obvious legal reasons, HR and legal departments are un likely to openly admit that employee complaints and accusations have merit, and the company isliable. Worse, they might even protect the perpetrators more than the victims.In conclusion, it is very valuable that companies keep their policies up-to-date and make up them. Written policies tell your employees how they can expect to be treated and give you guidelines for applying the policies consistently. However, the policies must comply with legal requirements and you must follow them, or they may be used against you as evidence of violations of the law. Having these problems addressed in my organization could help it many ways, starting with establishing a good family relationship between upper management and period employees and also establishing a steady line of communication. But this issue cannot be addressed until a local Human Resources department is establish at every local office so if employees do have question about employment law or current labor relation issues they can be addressed right then and there.

Child Labor Laws In The 1800’s Essay

sister childbed, once known as the pr bringice of employing tender children in factories, now its used as a term for the employment of minors in general, especially in clear that would interfere with their education or endanger their health. Throughout history and in all cultures children would exit in the fields with their parents, or in the marketplace and young girls in the topic until they were old enough to perform simple tasks. The use of child labor was not a worry until the Factory System. The Factory System is a run short arrangement where a number of people join to produce articles of consumption. Some form of Factory system has existed even since ancient times.In the later fail of the 18th century in Britain, owners of cotton mills gathered up orphans and children of poor families all finished the country, and had them work for the payment of housing and food. Some children as young as five or sextuplet were forced to work from 13 to 16 hours a day.Social ref ormers as primeval as 1802 try to obtain legislative restrictions against the worst parts of the child-labor system, but little happened and little was done even to administer existing fair plays which limited work hours and establishing a lower limit ripen for employment. Children were permitted to work in dangerous jobs much(prenominal) as mining with the approval from political, social, and religious leaders. From this further impoverishment of poor families and a multitude of pathologic and crippled children occurred.Agitation for the reform steadily increased. The counterbalance significant British Legislation was enacted in 1878, when the minimum age of employees was raised to 10 old age and employers were required to restrict employment of children between the ages of 10 and 14 to alternate days or consecutive half days. In addition to making every Saturday a half holiday, this legislation limited the workday of children between 14 and 18 years of age to 12 hours, w ith a 2 hour intermission for meals and rest.Meanwhile the industrial system developed in opposite countries such as theUnited States, bringing with it the abuses of child labor similar to those in Britain. In the early years of the 19th century, children between the ages of 7 and 12 made up one-third of the workforce in U.S. factories. The Shortage of adult male laborers, who held ideas regarding the evils of idleness among children, and so coope rund with employers, helping them recruit young pulverisation hands from families.The earliest feature of the factory system that concerned many among leaders was the high illiteracy rate among child laborers. The first effective step toward legislation governing the education of these children was taken in 1836 when the mummy Legislature adopted a law prohibiting the employment of any child under 15 years old who had received less than three months of school in the previous year. In 1848 Pennsylvania became the first state to regulate the age of youth employed in silk, cotton, or woolen mills by establishing a minimum age of 12. Several separate states joined that, but none of the laws passed made eatable for establishing proof of the childs age or for enforcement.The length of the workday was the next feature of the factory system to be regulated my legislation. By 1853 several states had adopted a ten-hour workday for children under 12 years of age. Despite the restrictions, the number of children in industry increased greatly in the U.S after the American Civil War, when industrial expansion topiced in demand for workers. By the end of the 19th century well one-fifth of all American children between the ages of 10 and 16 were employed greatly. By 1910 as the result of the public-enlightenment activities of various organizations, especially the theme Child Labor Committee, the legislatures of several states had enacted restrictive legislation that led to acutely reductions in the number of children employ ed in industry.The U.S. Congress, in 1916, passed a law that ready a national minimum age of 14 in industries producing non-agricultural goods for interstate commerce or export. In 1918, the U.S. Supreme court of law ruled, in a 5-4 decision, that the legislation was an un underlying infringement on personal freedom. The following year, the Congress tested another strategy to establish protectionfor child workers through taxation of employers. But in 1022 the Child Labor Tax Law, as it was known, was ruled unconstitutional for being overly prohibitory and regulatory. In 1924, both(prenominal) houses of Congress passed an amendment to the U.S. Constitution, empowering Congress to limit, regulate, and prohibit the labor of persons less than 18 years of age.Even though the wavering of state legislators to ratify the child-labor amendment, legislative attempts to deal with the problem nationally continued, notably during the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Nat ional Industrial recovery Act, passed by Congress in 1933, established a minimum age of 16 for workers in most(prenominal) industries. In hazardous industries a minimum age level of 18 was established. This law contributed to a great decrease in the number of yond workers, but the Supreme Court ruled the act unconstitutional in 1935. In the next year the Congress passed the Walsh-Healey Act, which prohibits firms producing goods under federal government beat from employing boys and girls less than 16 years of age.The nest important legislation on the problem was the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, better known as the Federal Wage and Hour Law. This act was declared constitutional in 1941 by the Supreme Court, which overruled its former child-labor decision under a more liberal guidance of the commerce clause of the constitution. The Fair Labor Standards Act, amended in 1949, applies to all workers engaged in interstate or foreign commerce. Under the child-labor provisions of t he act, minors 16 years of age and over whitethorn be employed in any occupation that has not been judged hazardous by the secretary of labor.The minimum age for work in industries classified as hazardous is 18. No minimum age is set for non-hazardous agricultural employment after school hours and during vacation. Minors 14 and 15 years of age whitethorn be employed in a variety of non-manufacturing, non-mining, and non-hazardous of occupations outside school hours and during vacations for limited hours and under other specified conditions of work.Every state today has child-labor laws. In most states employment of minorsunder 16 in factories and during school hours is not allowed. Other provisions include 40 hour work week, working at night is prohibited, and work permits for minors under 18. Children working on farms are not whole protected by federal and state laws, which make no provisions for hazardous farm work outside school hours.The children of migratory workers, who move from harvest to harvest across the United States, are normally not subject to state laws because they do not fulfill residency requirements, and they are often unable(p) to attend local schools, which have no provisions for seasonal increases in school enrollment. Other children exempted from federal and state labor laws are children employed as actors and performers in radio, television, and motion pictures, as newspaper deliverers and gross revenue personnel, or as part-time workers at home.In the early 21st century, child labor body a serious problem in many parts of the world. Studies show carried out in 1979, the outside(a) year of the child, show that more than 50 million children below the age of 15 were working in various jobs often under hazardous conditions. Many of those children live in poorer/under-developed countries in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. sustainment Conditions are crude and their chances for education are very small.The little income they get is nece ssary for their familys survival. These families overlook the basic necessities that we take for granted like adequate food, decent clothing and shelter, and even water for bathing. In some countries industrialization has created working conditions for children that rival the worst features of the 19th century factories and mines. In India, around 20,000 children work 16 hour days in match factories.Child-labor problems dont just happen in small undeveloped countries they happen all over the place even in America today. The most important effort to eliminate child-labor abuses through out the world come from the International Labor Organization, founded in 1919 and now a special agency of the United Nations. The organization has introduced several child-labor conventions among its members, including a minimum age of 16 years for admission to all work, a higher minimum age for specific types ofemployment, medical examination exams, and regulation of night work. In the late 20th cen tury the ILO added to this list of the worst forms of child labor, including slavery, prostitution, debt bondage(where children had to work to pay off loans made to their parents), and forced military service.

Time Warner Cable

large-scale mergers amid media companies are becoming more and more commonplace in recent years causing alarm to consumers and application analysts. The result of these mergers has been a consolidation of grocery competitors causing media ownership and run to be controlled by a smaller and less diverse group of firms, the essence of anti-competitiveness. Most recently, Compact de none its intent to acquire Time Warner Cable (ETC) which, if approved, pull up stakes unite the deuce biggest companies in the pipeline picture mart (Steelers, 2014).The merger would give unprecedented power to the newly merged ships comp both which would over 30 share of the pay television brookrs (Baker, 2014). The fact is that separately, Compact and ETC already have commercialize power in numerous local anesthetic geographic markets. Compact is the nations largest provider of pay television with 22 million subscribers (41 percent of all homes and businesses in the geographic areas in which Compact operates). ETC is the second largest crease television participation with 1 1. 2 million subscribers.After the merger, approximately one third of all strain television bickerers depart be Compact customers sparking concern about the amount of leverage and influence one company should control (Rhombohedra & Camilla, 2014). thither are varying opinions about the kind of economic industry cable television market operates in. more argue that cable television is a natural monopoly (source). Economics professor, Thomas Delivered, explains, natural monopolies occur when issue technology, such as relatively high fixed costs, causes long-run average append costs to drop as output expands.In such industries, the theory goes, a single reducer will eventually be able to produce at lower cost than any two former(a) producers, thereby creating a natural monopoly. Higher prices will result if more than one producer supplies the market. (Delivered, 1996, p. 43) Natural monopolies a re created when the initial investiture in the framework and infrastructure required to enter the market are so high that it discourages other firms from coming into the market. Installing cable lines is an example of the high cost of starting a business in the television industry and a first come, first serve mentality for natural monopolies.Implementing the cable lines is considered a sunk cost and is one reason why there are such overwhelming difficulties to meekness in the cable industry. With natural monopolies, economies of scale are also very significant so that stripped efficient scale is not reached until the firm has become very large in relation to the total size of the market allowing it to recoup its investment. The graph below shows the demand curve of a natural market economy (Economics Online, 2014). When price is allowed to be set by the company (P), it results in higher levels of profit and use of the market.The companys main concern is in the bottom line and m aximizing its profits. The chart also shows a emf price (Pl) that would result if there was galore(postnominal) regulation for example, government imposes a price cap and the company operates at a loss. The cable television industry has also been described as a patchwork quilt of micro-monopolies (Honda, 2011, p. 1). Since there are a small number of large companies that compete on the national scale, some argue that the industry cannot be classified as a monopoly or natural monopoly.However, the market structure, permitted and/or encouraged by the government, is set up so that Hess companies do not compete on the local level which results in small scale monopolies and little to no choice for the consumers. A 2011 survey by the Federal Communications Commission concluded that 61. 5 percent of customers had only one choice of cable provider in their neighborhood (Marten, 2012). The theory is that through local government legislation and result in nearly non-existent competition o n the local level between cable companies has led to a non-competitive oligopoly (Shafer, 2014).Although the cable industry natural monopoly may have made sense initially, the companies that have been able to benefit from this market structure have exploited the consumer and been able to charge high prices for mediocre products. Many of the government regulations that were initially implemented at the onset on the industry were controversial firms paid franchise fees enabling them to retain decisions through offers of building public access studios and regulating the rates of the politicians Jurisdiction (Shafer, 2014).Notwithstanding the exact classification, there is a general consensus that too few companies in the cable television industry hold too often power. It is evident when comparing the service that the American public receives in terms of cable television and wideband from these companies to other developed nations that we consumers receive far less. Americans pay more for their personal service that in any other industrialized country except Chile, Mexico and Turkey (Crawford, 2014).In the United Kingdom, the government forces the cable companies which dominate the market to lease their networks to competitors at cost. This weakening of one of the major barriers to entry in the system has created competition and brought prices see considerably to the UK population (Caddis, 2014). thither are many negative consequences for consumers when industries operate in monopolistic or near monopolistic competition. This is especially true when the industry is related to the media and has a great deal of influence on what the public is seeing and hearing.First, the media market will be too reliant on and hardcore to large corporate sponsors. The industry will become singularly focused on what it can shorten from the consumer rather than concern with public interest. Second, a small number of colossal companies will represent the interests of their stockh olders, normally Americas upper-class. Third, there is a lack of competition in the marketplace which leads to higher prices to the consumer and a lack of understructure in the products offered. These problems are exemplified by both ETC and Compact.In 2012, ETC spent Just 9 percent of its $41 zillion tax income on maintaining and upgrading their equipment and networks (Hilt, 2013). Compact spent even less, 3. 7 percent of its $118. 3 billion revenue. There is little reason to believe that two companies spending such a small percentage of their revenue on making improvements to their products and services would change their strategy cost-merger. Consumers are already troubled with the possibility that the merger will be approved. Cable television companies already have critically low satisfaction rafts among their clients.ETC and Compact are the two worst offenders in the industry. In 2013, the American Consumer Satisfaction Index gave the two companies the dubious distinction o f having the lowest rated television and net profit services in the United States (Ezra, 2014). Ac cording to Yogurts Barehanded, Americans do not want ETC and Compact to merge (Including, 2014). The television cable industry is notoriously retrieved by consumers in general and the announcement of the merger has caused the perception of the two companies to drop even further. The following chart shows how consumers are reacting to the $45 billion deal.In many cases, customers have no recourse other than cutting the cable cord completely if they do not choose Compact or ETC. There are many non-cable media options for the public to patron however, one major section of the population has no choice but to subscribe to cable sports fans. This is of particular concern to the Dodgers and Lasers fans in Los Angles. Currently, ETC spent billions to obtain eradicating right to both massively moneymaking(a) sports franchises (Baker, 2014). This allows ETC to extract steep subscriber fees to its non-cable competition.When the negotiations between the companies stall or are incomplete, ETC blacks out the games to those who do not subscribe to ETC. This is especially problematic for sports fans who do not have the choice to become customers of ETC since the company does not even offer services in their region. Additionally, those customers who cut the cable cord are belike only able to access internet through the same company that was already overcharging for their television service. They will be able to watch Nettling or Hull instead of cable television but will still have to pay Compact in order to do so.It creates a catch-22 in the industry and very little choice for consumers in terms of who they select as their service provider. The merger between Compact and ETC will have a much greater impact than simply in the cable television industry alone. There will be a ripple effect in internet and phone service as well as the other media that these companies own such as N BC widely distributed and Sportsmen. The merged companys control will be more widespread because of their various endures making it all the more potentially harmful to the consumer.

Identify the Key Aspects of Current Legislative Requeirments and Code of Practice Relevant to Your Subject and the Type of Oragnisation Within Which You Would Like to Work

IDENTIFY THE KEY ASPECTS OF CURRENT legislative REQUEIRMENTS AND CODE OF PRACTICE RELEVANT TO YOUR SUBJECT AND THE TYPE OF ORAGNISATION WITHIN WHICH YOU WOULD LIKE TO WORK At posture there is no specific legalisation related to sweetheart/ holistic/ wellbeing, its self not statutorily regulated. Therapies operate within their own codes of pr feignice which relate to the ethical actions of the therapist in either situation including teaching and sharing the benefits of such therapies through consultation.Aromatherapy and nail treatments teaching though must halt into consideration legislation regulating the use of potentially harmful oils and substances ? Control of substances hazardous to Health 2002 (COSHH) ? grave management which help asses risks, implement any measures need to control exposure and establish good on the job(p) practice. There is however legislation which cross-cut organisations and must be observed regardless of regulation such as ? Equal opportunities Act ? Data protection Act 2007 Safeguards the fundamental rights of individuals with regard to the processing of personal entropy and its free movement ? Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 ? Protecting others against risks to wellness and galosh in connection with the activity of persons ? Special preparational needs and disabilities act 2001 ( an amendment to the Disability discrimination act 1995) ? Making it unlawful to discriminate against disabled persons in employment and the provision of goods and facilities Offering the holistic and beauty courses means being aware of legislation pecific to the settings which make provision about quality standards, independence, wellbeing and resource relating to the way in which services are delivered. ? Further education training act 2007 ? The health and tender care (community health standards) act 2003 ? Our health, our care, our say a new direction for community services 2006 ? Choosing health making healthy choices easier 2004 ? FENTO standards for teaching and supporting learning in further education ? Office for standards oin education (OFSTED) ? Employment equality (age) regulations 2006 vocation training ? Learning and skills act 200

Orhan Pamuk vs. Virginia Woolf

Virginia Woolf vs. Orhan Pamuk Aykut Can TURKMEN Petroleum mishandle University of Ploiesti Abstract The aim of this paper is to comp be and indicate the affect of stream of cognisance. Moreover, I time-tested to expose the (dis)similarities between these two important writers. In this paper, for Orhan Pamuk, I foc make use ofd on the novel which is c eithered Sessiz Ev (Silent House). Key oral communication stream of consciousness, omniscient point of view, third person recital, impact of the time, bouncings reflections and individuality. The usage of decant of Consciousness Stream of consciousness was used by these two writers perfectly.In the novel of Virginia Woolf, The Waves and in the novel of Orhan Pamuk, Sessiz Ev (Silent House), there are plenty of examples in these books. For Sessiz Ev, at the beginning of the book a sections consciousness, c wholeed Recep, is transmitted without details and the descriptions by Orhan Pamuk. Pamuk wanted the readers to have fun an d to see the consciousness of a person ironic whollyy. As in the essay of Virginia Woolf Modern Fiction she describes manners as an incessant cascade of innumerable atoms and in any case she indicates that a modern writer must record the atoms as they fall upon the fountainhead in which they fall.This thought helps us to explain stream of consciousness. Pamuk shared the same idea with Woolf. Pamuk preferred to pee an impression to the reader rather than summarizing what the character see, think and do or reporting from the outside in clear sentences like Virginia Woolf. In The Waves, Woolf is trying to give a more realistic picture of psychological science than had ever before been presented in fiction. She was the closely important writer for the fiction and for the stream of consciousness. Stream of consciousness is the close to important technique was used by Woolf to approach her works such as The Waves.The cushion of the Lives & Time in the novels The novels are the ref lections of the writers lives mostly. For these two novels, Sessiz Ev and The Waves, I can say that Woolf and Pamuk wrote their confess lives provided fiction. Pamuk said that he had written his bear life and the characters were his clapperclaws on the life. Woolf also reflected her life to her novel, The Waves. She also wrote her experiences with the help of her own characters in the book. While The Waves was taking place in one day and the all steps of one day, Sessiz Ev took place in one week.This means that Pamuk used the time undetailed exactly Woolf used the time so detailed. Woolf used the time like a life and from each one step of the day is the part of a life. For example, the beginning of the novel is early dayspring and this time of the day represents the childhood. simply Pamuk doesnt do this he prefers to use the time long. Pamuk uses the time with the clock only Woolf doesnt use the time as it is. In Sessiz Ev there is many examples like Its ten to 11, Its ni ne and Its five past nine. In The Waves, Woolf doesnt do as Pamuk does.She prefers to say the time by descriptions rather than saying the time directly. Woolf describes nature at the beginning of each part of the book. They are called as interludes. These interludes help the reader to understand the time and the step of the day and life. She uses the words to say the time like sunrise, noon, evening, night and midnight. The individuality is another most important point for Woolf. Woolf uses individual peculiarly in The Waves. Rhoda claims to hate all details of the individual life and later says, I must go through the antics of the individual.I must start when you pluck at me with your children, your poems, your chilblains or whatever it is you do and suffer. But Im not deluded. She showed us her thought about(predicate) individuality with these sentences. She uses the word individuality to signify the mundane and trivial concerns of life rather than originality. Woolf persistent ly identifies her characters all together throughout The Waves in a manner that is consistently collectivized rather than realistic, and the six friends fix facets of personalities and visions of the world before and beyond any existence as people.Woolf explains in one letter the characters obligation in the book like The six characters were supposed to be one. Im getting overage myself I shall be fifty next year and I come to feel more and more how difficult it is to collect oneself into one Virginia even though the special Virginia in whose body I live for the moment is violently susceptible to all sorts of separate feelings. Therefore, I wanted to give the sense of doggedness (Letters IV, 397) Here, with the help of the letter from Woolf, I can say that the book was totally about herself and her experiences in her life.While Pamuk is cogent 1980s in Turkey, he tells plenty of stories based on his own stories. He gives examples from his past and his own familys past while wr iting this book. The Point of View, Narration and Symbol Third person narration is the most used mode in the twentieth century. Woolf and Pamuk used the third person narration in these two novels. Because of the affect of stream of consciousness they used omniscient point of view, because the best way to show the conscious was the third person narration. Third person narrators are usually omniscient- stand outside of the events and they pop under the form of narrating voice.The omniscient has unlimited knowledge. Thats why they are highly reliable and very significant. They have privilege access to the characters inner thoughts and feelings. In these two novels, there are many narrators, five in Sessiz Ev and six in The Waves. The writers used this kind of narration to extend the subjectivity. Subjectivity was the one of the most important point in 20th century. Each character tells their own story and this affects the point of view of the books. A new point of view, which lets e ach character speak, is one of the most important aspects for the readers.When the readers see that each character says the things about themselves on their own, the readers like it, because this shows the equality and the individuality to them. They realise an advantage to criticize the characters and to make empathy. Pamuk wanted the readers to criticize them and to find something in the book belong to them. He gave many examples from his life and he wanted the readers to compare with theirs. This was a good method to impress the readers. The waves are the most important symbol in The Waves.When the characters/narrators are children, the fist thing that they hear in the morning is the sound of the waves. From that point the waves became the background noise of their day. Then, they were used as the passage of the time. The Apple Tree, is also a symbol in the book, echoes the apple tree from the Book of Genesis in the Bible, the fruit of which led raptus and Eve to knowledge and expulsion from Eden. Commentary In my opinion, both The Waves and Sessiz Ev are good examples to 20th century. They were so impressive books and well-written books.I expect the same things from the books but they shocked me. For example I waited the grandmother from Sessiz Ev to die, but she didnt. In stead of her Nilgun died. Grandmother is totally tradition and narrow minded person. She realised anything and this was so bad situation for me. Her black heart made me angry to her. I think the thing that Orhan Pamuk expected was this. I mean to make the reader comment and criticize the characters. I liked The Waves better than the Sessiz Ev, because it has the all aspects of the modernism. There were some traditions in the book but it was pretty little.Pamuk created a kind of bridge between 20th and the 21st centuries. I found a lot of same things in my life, but I dont like finding something in the book from my life. Maybe, the descriptions are so important for the writers but this is also a tradition for me. I didnt like the descriptions part of these two books. For example I liked the part which the dwarf takes place at the beginning. He goes to cinema. When the movie ends he tells the movie in six lines (in Turkish). Thats what I liked in the book, summarizing the event, movie or the life itself

How did Bobbie Ann Mason`s upbringing in the rural south influence her writing of Shiloh Essay

Bobbie Ann mason is considered as one of the great Ameri john hold openrs from the in the south. Her personal background as a greyer bendd and set a ground for most of her fiction stories. From a small coun endeavour girlfriend who used to read Bobbsey Twins and the Nancy force mysteries, Bobbie Ann stonemason has twist one of the Americas leading fiction writers. In 1980 The New Yorker published her first story. It took me a long time to discover my material, she says. It wasnt a matter of developing makeup skills it was a matter of doing how to see things. And it took me a very long time to grow up.Id been writing for a long time, but was never able to see what there was to write about. I always aspired to things away from home, so it took me a long time to look back at home and realize that thats where the center of my thought was (Bobbie Ann masons Homepage). This discourse allow for try to map out the journey that Bobbie Ann mason has taken from creation fair(a) a country girl to being one of Americas leading fiction writers as well as how her lift has been manifested in her writings, especially Shiloh. Bobbie Ann Mason was born in 1940 in a small township in Mayfield, Kentucky.Growing up in her pargonnts dairy farm, she spent most of her childhood days in the typical rural Southern setting and experiencing the Southern way of upbringing. (Bobbie Ann Mason, Wikipedia) The first nine (9) years of her educational life were spent in a rural school. Shortly thereafter Bobbie Ann Mason attended a city school where she stayed until her graduation. It was here where she first acceptd living in the city and experiencing the hustle and tizzy that was absent from the rural setting that she was accustomed to in Kentucky (Webber).It was her love for literature that prompted her to pursue a full stop in journalism from the University of Kentucky and eventually attain a Ph. D. in English from the University of Connecticut. (Bobbie Ann Mason, Wikipe dia) This seeming duality of her background, ontogenesis up in the Southern Setting and highly educated in a metropolitan setting, is reflected inside most of her written works (Hunt). Rothstein describes Masons style as a combination of her talented sophistication (after all, she had a doctorate degree) and the sense of isolated, yearning existence of her rural characters is one she has never preferably shed herself. The influence of growing up in the South is clearly shown in most of her characters in her stories yet the theme and feel of the story reveals her intellect and cosmopolitan views as well. A perfect shell of how Mason reveals this duality is in Shiloh. In Shiloh, Mason shows this through the challenges that the characters undergo some of these changes that the characters in experience deal with the nature of human beings life, the changes brought on by death, the issues on disease and aging but these changes argon not so common, nor as troublesome, in Masons stori es as the changes brought on by a changing society.These changes, as Edwin T. Arnold correctly observes, are brought about by the fact that the present has offspringively displaced, transformed, and cheapened the traditional, and Masons characters are depicted as they lose their strengths and beliefs and discern nothing substantial to replace them (136) Bobbie Ann Masons writings are mostly set in the South. Her version is more realistic and not romanticized unlike the works of Faulkner or OConnor (Hunt), she depicts small-town rural Southern living, using dialogue and settings characteristic of the South (Hunt).However, southern history and all it represents seems irrelevant to her characters lives (Fine 87). Bobbie Ann Mason occasionally reveals her talent and wit by being able to focus more on her characters and their sense of isolation and their want for something more from their lives and draw the com workforcetator towards the characters and make them empathize with the ch aracters. These characters are not simply depicted as typical Southerners, but earlier as people who are trying desperately to get into the society rather than out of it (Reed 60).Mason shows the Southern Influence by creating believable characters that are caught in the transition between the old, pastoral, rural substantial ground of farms and close-knit communities and the modern, anonymous, suburban world of shopping malls and fast-food restaurants (Shiloh Themes). In Shiloh, for example, Leroy did not notice the change in his hometown composition he was on the road as a trucker. However, now that Leroy has come home to stay, he notices how much(prenominal) the town has changed. Subdivisions are spreading across western Kentucky like an oil slick. Change, a theme oftentimes used by Mason in her works, shows just how much Mason is influenced by her upbringing and in any case reveals how she la workforcets over how people are slow to realize the changes in southern society. In this story, it takes a traumatic event of some kind to make the characters see that the land has changed or that they no longer know who they are. In Leroys case, it is his accident and injury in his rig that make him see that the land has changed, that no(prenominal)ma denim has changed, and that in all the years he was on the road he never took time to consider anything.He was always flying past scenery (2). Several of Masons characters react to the changes in their lives by trying, at least momentarily, to go back. Leroy thinks that he arouse hold onto his wife if he can go back to a simpler time. He decides to accomplish this by construction her a log confine for which he goes so far as to order the blueprints and to build a miniature out of capital of Nebraska Logs. Mabel, Leroys mother-in-law, is convinced that if Leroy and Norma Jean will go to Shiloh where she and her husband went on their honeymoon, they can somehow begin their fifteen-year-old marriage anew.So does Leroy. He says to Norma, You and me could start all over again. Right back at the beginning (15). It is ironic, fitting, and symbolic that it is at Shiloh that Norma tells him she wants to leave him. By storys end, Leroy knows that he cannot go back as it occurs to him that building a house of logs is . . . empty too simple. . . . Now he sees that building a log house is the dumbest idea he could have had. . . . It was a crazy idea (16). He realizes that the real informal workings of a marriage, like most of history, have escaped him (16).The female characters that Mason brings to life are what set her stories apart from the usual literature which depicts Southern women their dreams, goals, and their want for progress significantly differs from those of the traditional Southern belle characters such as Scarlett OHara and Adie (Hunt). The female characters of Mason embrace change and are not afraid of it (Kincaid 582). This seemingly feminist theme reflects the change in social relationships between men and women how evolving and rapidly shifting gender fictional characters affect the lives of simple people.Mason in addition shows how some of her women try to project new identities in the wake of shifting gender roles and how their efforts often include a blatant shrinking of traditionally feminine behaviors or characteristics sometimes they seem almost completely to be trading roles with the men in their lives. And since change often causes uncertainty and instability, another aspect is the way these women find some solid ground through connections with other women (Bucher). Shiloh is a story that symbolizes the modern woman striving to find her identity (Cooke 196).In this short story, Bobbie Ann Mason masterfully portrays the lead female character, Norma Jean, as one such woman strong, determined and confused in a search for her identity. Mason is able to show this to the proofreader through the acts of Norma Jean as she tries to improve her physic al appearance by working on her pectorals (Mason 271), en coils in a variety of classes, from weightlifting to cooking exotic foods to English composition in an attempt to become a new woman (Thompson 3). These actions of Norma Jean actions reveal more of a strong desire for inner personal transformation, much more than anything else.However, Mason also recognizes that abrupt change in ones personality has its own dangers (Hunt), as illustrated by Norma Jean and Leroys relationship. Norma Jean and Leroys relationship is a perfect example of the dangers of an abrupt change as it shows a marriage with serious problem and the effect that change has on it. Leroy and Norma Jean Moffitt, are working-class people living in the modern South, and therefore they bring into their marriage all sorts of unspoken expectations of who they should be, which often contrast violently with who they are even more so with who they are becoming (Bucher).When in a twist of fate, Leroy loses the use of hi s leg, Norma Jean suddenly assumes the role of being the man in the family and this leads to problems. It is this sort of change that is not only abrupt but also drastic which Mason shows in Shiloh that reveals her Southern influence. She emphasizes the changing role of women in society by using the Southern setting as a backdrop. Mason is a lover of rock and roll music. This passion and preference for rock music and pop culture are frequently reflected throughout her stories as well (Webber).Writing is my version of rock-and-roll, Rothstein quotes her (Webber). This is aptly shown in Shiloh, where the main characters themselves are named after Elvis Presley and Marilyn Monroe, democratic icons of the rock and roll scene and pop culture in the early 1950s. All in all, it can be said that Bobbie Ann Masons personal background shows a very consistent influence in the fiction stories that she writes and provides a deeper and different perspective about living in a Southern setting and rural life in general.In the country in Kentucky, people are just amazed that anybody in New York wants to read about their lives (Rothstein). With fiction stories of Bobbie Ann Mason, however, it is not surprising that people will want to read more about Kentucky or the Southern locales of the United States, for that matter, for her stories speak of the universal human experiences that transcend physical and cultural boundaries which people can identify with.WORKS CITEDArnold, Edwin J. Falling Apart and Staying Together. Appalachian ledger (1985) 135-141Aycock-Simpson, Judy. Bobbie Ann Masons Portrayal of Modern Western Kentucky Border States Journal of the Kentucky-Tennessee American Studies Association, No. 7 (1989) Bobbie Ann Mason. Wikipedia Free Encyclopedia. August 30, 2006. November 11, 2006 Bobbie Ann Mason. Bobbie Ann Masons Homepage. September 17, 2005. November 24, 2006 Shiloh Themes. Short Stories for Students. Ed. Marie Rose Napierkowski. Vol. 3. Detroit Gale, 1 998. eNotes.com. January 2006. 24 November 2006. Bucher, Tina. Changing Roles and Finding Stability Women in Bobbie Ann Masons Shiloh and Other Stories Border States Journal of the Kentucky-Tennessee American Studies Association, No. 8 (1991) Cooke, Stewart J. Masons Shiloh. The Explicator 51 (1993) 196-197. Fine, Laura. Going Nowhere Slow The Post-South humanity of Bobbie Ann Mason. The Southern Literary Journal 32 (1999). Hunt, Kristina. Masons Transformation of the South. October 27, 2000. November 11, 2006.

How business work Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

How line of work work - Assignment ExampleThe key disadvantage is that it does not grant grants or financial loans to entrepreneurs. Moreover, once the business starts, SBDC does not help in day today business and one(a) is more or less, left alone to cope with business and upstart challenges as one interacts with various stakeholders like customers, suppliers etc.Yes, one day I do envisage myself as a business owner working with SBDC and group of new students. SBDC provides students with huge opportunities of learning the intricacy of businesses and helps them to identify new opportunities and factors that impact business. SBDC encourages students and entrepreneurs to exploit personal competencies through innovative ideas and business plans that can be successfully implemented. It also helps expand the horizon of their experience by exposing them to different businesses and different working condition so that they stick aware of the ways business is run. They learn how innovat ive measures can considerably increase productivity and grow. As such, their exposure to myriad business imperative encourages them to develop lateral thinking to identify new opportunities of growth. (words

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 10

Globalization - audition Exampleation in supporting despicable countries by rich countries and organizations, cause of globalization on ethnical convergence, and effects of globalization on individualism and employer movement.Globalization defines extensive networks across national borders for transfer resources and correct products. This has had significant economic impacts on developing countries because of derived benefits from rich countries and rich organizations. One of the major economic benefits of globalization on poor countries is the exploitation of the countries resources. The poor countries are rich in primary raw materials such as agricultural products and minerals but they lack the potentials to exploit the resources. The developed countries, having been industrialized and having exploited most if their resources are in dire need of the resources in the developing countries for sustainability and for economic reasons. The developed countries therefore invest in t he poor countries by sending technologies and machineries to aid exploitation of the raw materials. This leads to generation of income for the poor countries and promotes the countries role in global trade towards generation of foreign exchange and achievement of favourable repose of trade and balance of payment. The flow of investment resources into poor countries and the demand of the poor countries raw materials also create employment opportunities for the countries citizens with effects of improved per capita income and living standards (Holton, 2005 Mooney and Evans, 2007).Globalization also promotes the supportive role of developed countries in supporting poor countries through aiding movement of workers across borders. Even though developing countries are rich in human being resource, the countries suffer from low employment opportunities and developed countries, which lack human resource, offer employment opportunities for the poor countries citizens. This is because of th e facilitated parley and employee

Forum posting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Forum posting - Essay modelingIn such a scenario, the Japanese may walk out of the negotiations because he feels the American tete-a-tete has no manners. This might end up jeopardizing the negotiations, and this can greatly affect business and the relations amidst two businesses or companies.In order to avoid such cases, it is important for one to consider the picking of words when communicating with people from former(a) cultures. Whereas some words may be in ballpark use in some parts of the world, the same words may have a several(predicate) meaning to other people. It is necessary for one to avoid using controversial words or phrases that may be misunderstood. Secondly, it is important for people to take time and familiarize themselves with the common linguistic limitations of people from other cultures. This can be achieved through experience by interacting with persons from this culture. Thirdly, the above situation can be avoided by giving more detail or explanation. Fo r example, in the above scenario, the American needs to explain to his Japanese counterpart what he really means. This helps remove any doubts or suspicions on the side of the other

Expand the report that will be send later. Focusing on training and Research Paper

Expand the report that will be send later. concentrate on training and development, provide turnover, pay and benefit as well as r - seek Paper ExampleThe company achieved a 27% revenue growth over the three long time ending in 2007 (Seeking Alpha 2011). This paper will evaluate whether the recruitment and selection, training and development, staff turnover, and reward and benefit policies of McDonalds argon strategic or not. The paper will analyse if those policies have assisted the transcription to achieve its goals and objectives. Recruitment and selection The market success of any business largely depends on its increase timbre and service efficiency. It is clear that high quality products can be designed, produced, and delivered only if high quality people are employed. AsRioux and Bernthal (1999) point out, for any business like McDonalds offering customised services, efficiency in employee recruitment, selection, and computer memory is particularly vital to meet custom er satisfaction and thereby promote market share growth. turn analysing McDonalds recruitment and selection policy with reference to related practices such as training and development, staff turnover, and rewards and benefits, the policy seems strategic. ... 004, the company employed 43,491 people in its restaurants and they embraced 40,699 hourly paid workers, 2,292 managerial personnel, and 500 contribution staff. McDonalds US franchisees employed further 25,000 people in 2004 (The Times 100, n.d). Most of the McDonalds employees are paid based on an hour-rate system and those employees are referred to as clustering members. In edict to take care the efficiency of employee recruitment and selection process, McDonalds management has specifically outlined skills and behaviours that an applicant should possess. According to this, for each identify there is a job description outlining typical duties and responsibilities and a person specification defining ad hominem skills and competences. (The Times 100, n.d). The McDonalds recruitment policy makes its individual restaurants responsible for appointing adequate number of hourly-paid workers. The companys Management Recruitment department coordinates all activities associated with the recruitment process (McDonalds Restaurants Limited 2004). In order to recruit skilled and efficient hourly-paid employees, the organization follows some typical requirement approaches including advertising in restaurants, local anaesthetic job centres, career fairs, and other local facilities (The Times 100, n.d). Throughout the company history, it seems that McDonalds management primarily uses advertising in restaurants technique to hire quality staff. The company believes that this recruitment policy would assist to take a chance out quality workers from local people and/or friends of existing workers. The management collects applications from huge number of candidates and prepares a short list of applicants to be intervi ewed based on specific criteria. Over 60% of the McDonalds crew members are aged 20